Universal Kernel

The seven lines

Stabilizer S4bS_4^b, rigid: the lines of the Fano plane, its complete quadrangles and the quaternion subalgebras of the octonions.

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The seven lines: the complement of the line 246 is the quadrangle 1,3,5,71, 3, 5, 7, whose three pairs of opposite sides meet at 2, 4 and 6, the points of the line.

Its incarnations

The seam table names the object in each of the five theories that meet the group. Every entry there is built.

Fano plane
lines; complete quadrangles
Projective line
bisection {0,1,2,4} ∣ {3,5,6,∞}\{0,1,2,4\}\,|\,\{3,5,6,\infty\} and its orbit; perfect matchings in the orbit of {01,25,3∞,46}\{01,25,3\infty,46\}
The group
subgroups V4bV_4^b, A4bA_4^b, S4bS_4^b
Klein quartic
conics for αˉ\bar\alpha; self-polar triangles from V4bV_4^b
Graphs
Coxeter K4K_4‘s of antiflags with a common line

The stabilizer is its own normalizer, so between any two incarnations there is exactly one seam, and the seams agree. The object the seven points has the same permutation character, yet for one marking no seam joins the two.

Remark(marking)

Which class is which depends on the marking. The outer automorphism exchanges each class aa with its class bb, so the points and the lines of the Fano plane are assigned their classes only once the group of the plane is identified with the group of the projective line. The seam table and this journal’s labels use the identification of Seams, under which the points are class aa. The volume’s own chart, its table of observers and pairs in Chapter X, uses the other: there the stabilizer of the clock 1 fixes the bisection {0,1,2,4}∣{3,5,6,∞}\{0,1,2,4\}\mid\{3,5,6,\infty\}, which lies in class bb. Read in that chart, the names exchange: the clocks are class bb and the lines class aa, and so on for A4A_4 and V4V_4.

The fifteen objects

168184C256C324C742C41G28S3anchored observers14A4b7S4bvantage lines7S4aclocks14A4a21D842V4b42V4a87:3the sky
The object on the line of sizes. In ink, the objects it maps onto; in blue, those that map onto it. Dots count each object’s automorphisms, and dashed brackets join the pairs with one permutation character.
Proposition

S4bS_4^b is self-normalizing, so the object is rigid. The stabilizer of a line fixes no point of the plane and has orbits of sizes 3 and 4 on the points; Galois’s seven-point action of PSL⁡(2,7)\PSL(2,7) recovers the lines as the images of the 3-orbit.

Example

The lines of the Fano plane, and its complete quadrangles; the bisection {0,1,2,4}∣{3,5,6,∞}\{0,1,2,4\}|\{3,5,6,\infty\} of P1(F7)\Proj^1(\F_7) and its orbit, and the perfect matchings in the orbit of {01,25,3∞,46}\{01,25,3\infty,46\}; the subgroups V4bV_4^b, A4bA_4^b and S4bS_4^b; the conics for αˉ\bar\alpha and the self-polar triangles from V4bV_4^b in Klein’s plane; the K4K_4’s of Coxeter vertices whose antiflags have a common line; and the quaternion subalgebras of the octonions.

Proposition(The diagonal line)

The complement of each line is a complete quadrangle whose three diagonal points are the points of that line, and ℓ↦PG(2,2)∖ℓ\ell\mapsto\mathrm{PG}(2,2)\setminus\ell is an equivariant bijection from the lines to the quadrangles. This is the imprint of the failure of Fano’s axiom in characteristic 2: the Fano plane is K4K_4 completed by the line of its three perfect matchings.

Examplecomputed

In Thurston’s congruence link complement it is the complementary pairs of tetrahedra of class bb, the lines of the Fano plane of the cells. In the lattice E8E_8 of class aa, modulo λˉ\bar\lambda, the only invariant plane has nonzero vectors of class S4bS_4^b, the module of the lines, as do the points of Klein’s 3\mathbf 3 reduced at the prime over λˉ\bar\lambda.

The volume’s word
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